Digital Markets and Data Exploitation: Addressing Abuse of Dominance Under Indonesian Competition Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2025.V25.1-18Keywords:
Personal Data, Competition Law, Digital Market, Dominant PositionAbstract
Practices exploiting personal data, particularly by dominant players, can lead to unfair competitive advantages. The power derived from service providers' access and control over users' data can capture the market from existing competitors and potential entrants, potentially resulting in higher and even discriminatory consumer prices. This article, employing a combination of normative juridical research and Reform-Oriented Research methodology, aims to establish the exploitation of personal data as a form of abuse of the dominant position in the digital market under Indonesian competition law. The article argues that the practices of digital service providers exploiting personal data, facilitated by the conditions of the digital market and their dominant positions, create barriers for competitors and deter potential entrants. This ultimately meets the element of abuse of dominant position under Article 25 of Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Business Competition, rendering such practices per se illegal. The article concludes by suggesting that lawmakers should establish a framework and adequate regulations to address the exploitation of personal data by business actors in the digital market. This would promote fair business competition and protect the interests of digital service users.
Downloads
References
Abrahamson, Zachary. "Essential Data." HeinOnline Yale LJ 124, no.2 (2014): 867-899.
Alleman, James, Edmond Baranes, and Paul N. Rappoport. Multisided Markets and Platform Dominance. In Applied Economics in the Digital Era. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020.
Castellanos Pfeiffer, Roberto Augusto. "Digital Economy, Big Data and Competition Law." Mkt. & Competition L. Rev. 3, no.1 (2019): 53.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Exploring Data-Driven Innovation as a New Source of Growth: Mapping the Policy Issues Raised by Big data. Washington: OECD Publishing, 2013.
Cyriac, Noby Thomas. Big Data and the Abuse of Dominance by Multi-Sided Platforms: An Analysis of Art. 102 TFEU, vol. 85. Baden: Nomos Verlag, 2022.
De Mauro, Andrea, Marco Greco, and Michele Grimaldi. "A Formal Definition of Big Data Based on Its Essential Features." Library Review 65, no. 3 (2016): 122-35.
Disyon, Huta, and Elisatris Gultom. "Critical Review of the Implementation of the Making of SOE as a Holding from Anti-Monopoly and Unfair Business Competition Perspective." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 22, no. 2 (2022): 191-204.
Doherty, Barry. "Just What Are Essential Facilities?" Common Market Law Review 38, no. 2 (2001).
Efendi, Aan, Dyah Ochtorina Susanti, and Rahmadi Indra Tektona. Penelitian Hukum Doktrinal. Yogyakarta: LaksBang Justitia, 2019.
Ezrachi, Ariel. Virtual Competition: The Promise and Perils of the Algorithm-Driven Economy. Harvard University Press, 2016.
Frischmann, Brett, and Spencer Weber Waller. "Revitalizing Essential Facilities." AntitrUSt lJ 75, no. 1, (2008): 1-19.
Gabathuler, Silvan, Roland Müller, and Walter Brenner. "Big Data Management in Theorie Und Praxis Aus Rechtlicher Sicht." PhD Thesis, Universität St. Gallen, 2018..
Gerber, Nina, Paul Gerber, and Melanie Volkamer. "Explaining the Privacy Paradox: A Systematic Review of Literature Investigating Privacy Attitude and Behavior." Elsevier Computers & Security 77, no. 1 (2018): 226-61.
Graef, Inge. EU Competition Law, Data Protection and Online Platforms: Data as Essential Facility: Data as Essential Facility. Zuid-Holland: Kluwer Law International BV, 2021.
Graef, Inge. "Rethinking the Essential Facilities Doctrine for the EU Digital Economy." HeinOnline RJT ns 53, no.1 (2019): 33-1.
Hayashi, Shuya, and Koki Arai. Competition in Multisided Markets In Digitalization and Competition Policy in Japan. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024.
Hayati, Adis Nur. "Analisis Tantangan Dan Penegakan Hukum Persaingan Usaha Pada Sektor E-Commerce Di Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 21, no. 1 (2021): 109-22.
Holková Lubyová, Linda. "Big Data in the EU Competition Law." SSRN 18, No, 2 (2018): 19-56.
Kurdoglu, Berkay, and Caglar Deniz Ata. "Data Economics and Competition Law." Digital L. Rev. 3 (2021): 23-36.
Kurniawan, Faizal, Moch Marsa Tauï¬qurrohman, and Xavier Nugraha. "Legal Protection Of Trade Secrets Over The Potential Disposal Of Trade Secrets Under The Re-Engineering Precautions" Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 16, no. 2 (2021): 17-29.
Lao, Marina. "Search, Essential Facilities, and the Antitrust Duty to Deal." Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. 11 (2012): 275-31.
Lee, Cassey. "Competition Policy in the Age of Algorithms: Challenges for Indonesia." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 58, no. 3 (2022): 297-312.
Mays, Lisa. "The Consequences of Search Bias: How Application of the Essential Facilities Doctrine Remedies Google's Unrestricted Monopoly on Search in the United States and Europe." Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 83 (2014): 721.
Ningsih, Ayup Suran. "Implikasi Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli Dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat Pada Pelaku Usaha Mikro Kecil Dan Menengah (UMKM)." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 19, no. 2 (2019): 207-15.
Pardede, Marulak. "Investment Regulatorly Reform in Indonesia (an Effort to Increase the Competitiveness Climate of Investment)." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 23, no. 2 (2023): 231-44.
Parluhutan, Dian. "Analisis Hukum Kompetisi Terhadap "Big Data" Dan Doktrin "Essential Facility" Dalam Transaksi Merger Di Indonesia." Jurnal Persaingan Usaha 1, no. 1 (2021): 83-96.
Rahman, Faiz, and Dian Agung Wicaksono. "Researching References on Interpretation of Personal Data in the Indonesian Constitution." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 21, no. 2 (2021): 187-200.
Robertson, Viktoria HSE. "Excessive Data Collection: Privacy Considerations and Abuse of Dominance in the Era of Big Data." Common Market Law Review 57, no. 1 (2020).
Safiranita, Tasya, Ahmad M. Ramli, Denidah Olivia, and Ega Ramadayanti. "The Role of E-Commerce in Escalation of Digital Economy in The New Normal Era Based on Law Number 27 of 2022 Concerning Personal Data Protection." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 22, no. 4 (2022): 437-50.
Sanchez"Cartas, Juan Manuel, and Gonzalo León. "Multisided Platforms And Markets: A Survey Of The Theoretical Literature." Journal of Economic Surveys 35, no. 2 (2021): 452-87.
Santoso, Edy, and Andriana Andriana. "Insecurity to Consumer Data Protection in The eHealth Sector." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 23, no. 1 (2023): 115-30.
Setyawati, Ria and Rayhan Adhi Pradana. "Penyalahgunaan Posisi Dominan Oleh Pelaku Usaha Dominan Melalui Penggunaan Algoritma Harga." UIR Law Review 6, no. 2 (2023): 103-20.
Simanjuntak, Marsinta. "Disgorgement Fund to Create Corrective Justice as a Legal Protection Measure for Investors in The Capital Market (Legal Protection of Investors Against Disgorgement Fund to Realize Corrective Justice)." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 23, no. 4 (2023): 473-82.
Situmorang, Mosgan. "Measuring The Effectiveess of Consumer Dispute Resolution on Small Value E-Commerce Transaction." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 22, no. 4 (2022): 537.
Tanzil, Devina, and Kristianto Pustaha Halomoan. "Pelindungan Data Pribadi Dalam Analisis Penyalahgunaan Posisi Dominan Berdasarkan Hukum Persaingan Usaha." Jurnal Online Atmajaya 1, no. 1 (2022)
Taufiqurrohman, Moch Marsa. "Adopting Osman Warning In Indonesia: An Effort To Protect Potential Victims Of Crime Target." Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 11, no. 3 (2022).
Taufiqurrohman, Moch Marsa. "OTOMATISASI DAN KECERDASAN BUATAN PADA PROFESI HUKUM: KERANGKA TEORITIS DAN NARASI IDEAL DI MASA DEPAN." Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 13, no. 2 (2024).
Taufiqurrohman, Moch Marsa, Helza Nova Lita, and Gress Gustia Adrian Pah. "THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION AND COMPETITION LEGAL REGIME IN THE INDONESIAN DIGITAL MARKET." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 8, no. 3 (2024).
Taufiqurrohman, Moch. Marsa, Helza Nova Lita, and Gress Gustia Adrian Pah. 2024. "Tech Giants' Non-Negotiable Privacy Policies Strategy Versus Indonesian Competition Law". Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 9, no. 1 (2024).
Taufiqurrohman, Moch Marsa, Muhammad Toriq Fahri, Kurnia Wijaya, and I Gede Putu Wiranata. "Meninjau Perang Siber: Dapatkah Konvensi-Konvensi Hukum Humaniter Internasional Meninjau Fenomena Ini?" Jurnal Kawruh Abiyasa 1, no. 2 (2021).
Taufiqurrohman, Moch. Marsa, Muhammad Toriq Fahri, Robi Kurnia Wijaya, and I Gede Putu Wiranata. "The Use of Necessitas Non Habet Legem and Wederspanningheid in Law Enforcement for Covid-19 Vaccination in Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2021).
Taufiqurrohman, Moch Marsa, and Elisatris Gultom. "Corporate Digital Responsibility: Tanggung Jawab Etis Penggunaan Teknologi Digital dalam Bisnis Perusahaan" Humani (Hukum dan Masyarakat Madani) 13, no. 2 (2023).
Taufiqurrohman, Moch. Marsa, Zaki Priambudi, and Avina Nakita Octavia. "Mengatur Petisi Di Dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan: Upaya Penguatan Posisi Masyarakat Terhadap Negara Dalam Kerangka Perlindungan Kebebasan Berpendapat." Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 18, no. 1 (2021).
Teece, David J., Asta Pundziene, Sohvi Heaton, and Maaja Vadi. "Managing Multi-Sided Platforms: Platform Origins and Go-to-Market Strategy." California Management Review 64, no. 4 (August 2022): 5-19.
Tucker, Catherine. "Digital Data, Platforms and the Usual [Antitrust] Suspects: Network Effects, Switching Costs, Essential Facility." Review of Industrial Organization 54, no. 4 (June 2019): 683-94.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of each article is retained by the author (s). Authors agree to grant the first publication rights to Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure. The Journal embeds a simple machine-readable under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC). Thus, papers in this Journal can be used freely for non-commercial purposes with the acknowledgment of authorship and publication in this journal.
