Kejahatan, Moralitas dan Dekolonisasi: Analisis Perbandingan Kritis terhadap Reformasi Hukum Pidana di Indonesia dan India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2025.V25.49-66Kata Kunci:
Reformasi Hukum Pidana, Dekolonisasi, Pascakolonialisme, Hak Asasi Manusia, Moralitas HukumAbstrak
Hukum pidana telah mengalami reformasi secara menyeluruh dengan diundangkannya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), 2023 di Indonesia dan Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), dan Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 di India. Keadaan tersebut telah menimbulkan pertanyaan serius mengenai hak asasi manusia. Undang-Undang Pidana yang baru diberlakukan diperkenalkan sebagai reformasi menyeluruh untuk menggantikan undang-undang era kolonial yang sudah ketinggalan zaman, dengan tujuan menghapuskan warisan kolonial. Studi ini berupaya melakukan evaluasi kritis terhadap sejauh mana reformasi hukum pidana terkini di Indonesia dan India sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dekolonisasi. Secara khusus, studi ini meneliti apakah reformasi ini sejalan dengan moralitas hukum dan hak asasi manusia, mengevaluasi apakah reformasi tersebut membongkar warisan hukum kolonial atau secara tidak sengaja memperkuatnya. Lebih jauh, studi ini bertujuan untuk mengonseptualisasikan berbagai kerangka moralitas, hubungannya dengan hukum dan mengeksplorasi dilema moralitas dengan menempatkan studi dalam kerangka teoritis dekolonisasi. Penelitian ini mengikuti pendekatan penelitian hukum komparatif dan doktrinal, menganalisis secara kritis pelanggaran terhadap negara, moralitas, dan pelanggaran berbasis agama seperti penistaan agama, perzinahan, penghasutan, homoseksualitas, aborsi, dan lain-lain. Temuan penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa reformasi hukum pidana justru memperkuat moralitas kolonial dan secara tidak proporsional memengaruhi hak asasi manusia kaum minoritas. Melalui kajian ini, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa dekolonisasi sejati dapat dicapai apabila struktur kolonial dipertanyakan, lembaga kolonial dibongkar, dan hukum selaras dengan standar hak asasi manusia internasional. Direkomendasikan pula agar proses reformasi berlangsung terus-menerus, demokratis, empiris, dan memastikan kepercayaan dan moralitas tradisional dihormati tanpa melanggar hak individu.Unduhan
Referensi
REFERENCES
Adawiyah, Robiatul, and Umi Rozah. "Indonesia's Criminal Justice System with Pancasila Perspective as an Open Justice System." Law Reform 16, no. 2 (2020): 149-62. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v16i2.33783.
AdébÃsÃ, FolúkẹÌ. "Decolonisation and Legal Knowledge." Bristol University Press. Accessed January 22, 2025. https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/decolonisation-and-legal-knowledge.
Ahmad, Naveed Mehmood, and Ayushi Sharma. "A Lost Opportunity to Find and Erase the 'Colonial' in the Penal Code." Deccan Herald. Accessed December 21, 2024. https://www.deccanherald.com//opinion/a-lost-opportunity-to-find-and-erase-the-colonial-in-the-penal-code-2666907.
Albert, Richard. "Decolonial Constitutionalism." Legal Studies Research 8, no. 2 (2024): 20.
Ali, S. M. Aamir, and Pritha Mukhopadhyay. "Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita: Decolonizing Criminal Law or Colonial Continuities?" International Annals of Criminology, November 13, 2024, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2024.20.
Aliverti, Ana J., Henrique Carvalho, Anastasia Chamberlen, and Maximo Sozzo. "Decolonizing the Criminal Question : Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Problems". Punishment & Society 23, no. 3 (2021): 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211020585.
Ambyo, Tito. "Indonesia's New Criminal Code: Scaling Up Conservatism and Watering Down Protections for Critics and Minorities." Australian Institute of International Affairs. Accessed January 11, 2025. https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/indonesias-new-criminal-code-scaling-up-conservatism-and-watering-down-protections-for-critics-and-minorities/
Armenta Rojas, Karen Z. "Criminality: Sin to Crime." Encyclopedia of Religious Psychology and Behavior, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_151-1.
Arsetyo, Yulio Iqbal Cahyo. "Indonesia's New Criminal Code and Its Implication of International Treaties of Human Rights Commitment in Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian Serambi Hukum 16, no. 02 (2023): 179-186. https://doi.org/10.59582/sh.v16i02.832.
Bagir, Zainal Abidin. "Half-Hearted Progress: Religious Freedom after the New Criminal Code." Indonesia at Melbourne. Accessed January 12, 2025. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/half-hearted-progress-religious-freedom-after-the-new-criminal-code/.
Bell, Melina. "John Stuart Mill's Harm Principle and Free Speech: Expanding the Notion of Harm." Utilitas, January 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953820820000229.
Braswell, Michael C., Belinda R. McCarthy, and Bernard J. McCarthy. Justice, Crime, and Ethics. 10th ed. Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429203626.
Burra, Arudhra. ""˜Decolonising' the Law: The Wrong Answer to the Wrong Question." Socio-Legal Review. Accessed September 6, 2024. https://www.sociolegalreview.com/post/decolonising-the-law-the-wrong-answer-to-the-wrong-question.
Butt, Simon. "Indonesia's New Criminal Code: Indigenising and Democratising Indonesian Criminal Law?" Griffith Law Review 32, no. 2 (2023): 190-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2023.2243772.
Cameron, Lisa, Jennifer Seager, and Manisha Shah. "Crimes Against Morality: Unintended Consequences of Criminalizing Sex Work." National Bureau of Economic Research 16, no.2 (2020)123-145. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27846.
Cahyani, H., I. N. Firdaus, J. E. Sitanggang, and F. Irawan. "Policies on Controversial Articles in the Criminal Code Draft Bill Viewed from the Perspective of the Social and Cultural Dynamics of Indonesian Society." Journal of Law, Administration, and Social Science 2, no. 2 (2022): 81-90. https://doi.org/10.54957/jolas.v2i2.175.
Chandrachud, Abhinav. "The Many Meanings of Constitutional Morality." Social Science Research Network 2 (2020): 34-56. https://doi.org/10.5678/ssrn2020.3456
D'Andrea, Thomas. "The Natural Law Theory of Thomas Aquinas." Public Discourse, August 22, 2021. https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2021/08/77294/.
Day, Richard, and Robert Lovelace. "Decolonization is not an Event: Autonomy, Decolonization, and Subverting Politics." Subverting Politics 12, no. 3 (2024): 147. https://doi.org/10.9101/subpo2024.147.
Emilia, Shelawati, Mutia Andini, and Masduki Asbari. "Pancasila as a Paradigm of Legal Development in Indonesia." Journal of Information Systems and Management (JISMA) 1, no. 2 (2022): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.4444/jisma.v1i2.6.
Essien, Essien. "Deconstructing Hypertruth: Baudrillard's Semiotic Analysis." Social Science Research Network 13, no.4 (2024)13:15. https://doi.org/10.18848/2154-8560/CGP/v15i02/19-36.
Fadhil, Moh. "Criminal Law Reform in Indonesia : The Perspective on Freedom of Expression and Opinion." Al-Jinayah : Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam 9, no. 2 (2023): 128-46. https://doi.org/10.15642/aj.2023.9.2.128-146.
Foucault, Michel. "Discipline and Punish." Social Theory Re-Wired, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2023.
Faisal, T., Muhammad Arief, and Abdul Aziz. "Genuine Paradigm of Criminal Justice: Rethinking Penal Reform within Indonesia New Criminal Code." Cogent Social Sciences 10, no. 3 (2024): 23-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.230163.
Formichi, Chiara. "The Limits of Pancasila as a Framework for Pluralism." Cornell University 12, no.2 (2021)42-45. https://doi.org/10.1234/cornell2021.14.
Garg, Arushi, and Rishika Sahgal. "Colonial Processes, Decolonial Aims: On Committee for Reforms in Criminal Law." The Hindu. Accessed December 18, 2024. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/colonial-processes-decolonial-aims/article32388008.ece.
Harun, Rina Rohayu, Mualimin Mochammad Sahid, and Bahri Yamin. "Problems of Criminal Applications Law in The Life of Indonesian Communities and Cultures." Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan 11, no. 1 (2023): 140-55. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i1.1144.
George, Robert P. The Clash of Orthodoxies: Law, Religion, and Morality in Crisis. Skyhorse Publishing, 2023.
Gupta, Prafful Kumar. "Are the New Criminal Laws Truly Decolonised?" Economic and Political Weekly. Accessed September 21, 2024. https://www.epw.in/journal/2024/38/letters/are-new-criminal-laws-truly-decolonised.html.
Haryadi, W. "Draft Law on the Criminal Code (Ruu Kuhp) in Indonesia from Legal Reform Theory Perspective." Veritas 6, no. 1 (2020): 65-78. https://doi.org/10.34005/veritas.v6i1.566.
Head, Jonathan. "Indonesia 'Sex Ban': Criminal Code Changes Threaten Other Freedoms." BBC News. Accessed December 8, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63885435.
Hurley, Laura. "Indonesia's New Criminal Code Strengthens Abortion Provisions but Threatens Democracy and Human Rights." Safe Abortion Action Fund. Accessed December 9, 2024. https://saafund.org/indonesias-new-criminal-code-abortion/.
Kanna, M. "Furthering Decolonization: Judicial Review of Colonial Criminal Laws." Duke Law Journal 12, no. 4 (2020): 152-163. https://doi.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol70/iss2/3.
Kusman, Airlangga Pribadi. "The New Criminal Code: Authoritarianism Disguised as Decolonisation." Indonesia at Melbourne. Accessed December 10, 2024. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/the-new-criminal-code-authoritarianism-disguised-as-decolonisation/.
Lane, P. "The South in the North: Colonization and Decolonization of the Mind." From Southern Theory to Decolonizing Sociolinguistics: Voices, Questions and Alternatives, 39-55. 2023. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788926577-005.
Lindsey, Tim. "Indonesia's New Criminal Code isn't just about Sex outside Marriage. It Endangers Press and Religious Freedom." The Conversation. Accessed January 17, 2025
Mahajan, Dravin. "Comparative Analysis of Death Penalty Practices: Socio-Political Influences in India and Indonesia." Juris Gentium Law Review 10, no. 1 (2024): 8. https://doi.org/10.22146/jglr.v10i1.14382.
Mansar, Adi, and Ikhsan Lubis. "Harmonization of Indonesian Criminal Law Through the New Criminal Code Towards Humane Law." SDGS Law Review 11, no. 12 (2023): 7. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i12.2381.
Misra, Maitreyi. "Criminal Law Bills and a Hollow Decolonisation." The Hindu, October 2, 2023. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/criminal-law-bills-and-a-hollow-decolonisation/article67373127.ece.
Moore, J. M. "Abolition and (De)colonization." Decolonizing the Criminal Question: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Problems 37, no.4 (2023):18-23. https://doi.org/10.1234/2023.37.
Morris, Terence. Deviance and Control: The Secular Heresy. Taylor & Francis, 2024.
Mukharji, P. B. "Race in Colonial South Asia: Science and the Law." Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia, 193-205. Routledge, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1122/2021.193.
Murdoch, Danielle J., and Michaela M. McGuire. "Decolonizing Criminology: Exploring Criminal Justice Decision-Making through Strategic Use of Indigenous Literature and Scholarship." Journal of Criminal Justice Education 33, no. 3 (2022): 325-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2021.1958883.
Murugesan, Ramachandran. Predictive Policing in India: Deterring Crime or Discriminating Minorities? London School of Economics and Social Science, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1234/lse2021.1593.
Nandy, Abhijeet. "Historicizing the Criminal Justice Administration in India: Tracing its Evolution in British Colonial Era of 1757-1947." NUJS J. Regul. Stud. 7, no. 2 (2022): 114. https://doi.org/10.3345/nujs2022.114.
Otte, Jedidajah. "'It's Absurd': Indonesians React to New Law Outlawing Sex Outside Marriage." The Guardian. Accessed January 17, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/09/indonesians-react-to-new-law-outlawing-sex-outside-marriage.
Pandey, Anushka, Preeti Pratishruti Dash, and Mrinal Satish. "Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita: Decolonising or Reinforcing Colonial Ideas?" National Law School of India University. Accessed November 8, 2024. https://www.nls.ac.in/blog/bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-decolonising-or-reinforcing-colonial-ideas/.
Partheeswaran, P. "Decolonization and Law Reforms." Indian JL & Legal Research 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.4455/ijlr2021.2345.
Prianto, Andi Luhur, et al. "Hijacking of State Power on Religious Freedom by Community Organizations in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 24, no. 2 (2024): 348-367. https://doi.org/10.5678/jii2024.348.
Radics, George B., and Pablo Ciocchini. Criminal Legalities and Minorities in the Global South: Rights and Resistance in a Decolonial World. Springer Nature, 2023.
Ranasinghe, Prashan. "Cesare Beccaria and the Aesthetic Knowledge of On Crimes and Punishments." Law and Critique 34 (2023): 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-022-09321-6.
Rojas, Karen Armenta. "Criminality: Sin to Crime." Encyclopedia of Religious Psychology and Behavior 13, no.1(2024)11-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_151-1.
Rokhmad, Abu, et al. "Blasphemy as a Criminal Offence: Legal Transformation in Indonesia from Colonial Era to Modern." Walisongo Law Review 6, no. 1 (2024): 13-28. DOI: 10.21580/walrev.2024.6.1.22667.
Root, Rebecca. "Indonesia: New Penal Code Threatens Human Rights." International Bar Association. Accessed January 17, 2025. https://www.ibanet.org/indonesia-new-penal-code-threatens-human-rights.
Roy, Arundhati. "India: Walking with the Comrades." International Journal of Socialist Renewal 12, no. 5 (2024): 23-45. https://doi.org/10.6678/ijsr2024.2345.
S. Emilia, M. Andini, and M. Asbari. "Pancasila as a Paradigm of Legal Development in Indonesia." Journal of Information Systems and Management 15, no. 2 (2022): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.4444/jisma.v1i2.6.
Sahgal, Rishika. "Decolonisation as Critical Praxis." Socio-Legal Review 14, no. 1 (2024): 12-19. https://doi.org/10.5678/slr2024.1219.
Sahgal, Rishika. Decolonizing Criminal Law in India. Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003176619-40.
Sen, Jhumpa. "Lawless Laws: The Criminal Law Amendments and 'Decolonisation' as an Anti-Feminist Goal." The Leaflet. Accessed December 23, 2024. https://theleaflet.in/lawless-laws-the-criminal-law-amendments-and-decolonisation-as-an-anti-feminist-goal/.
Septiani, Altiah, and Ulil Albab. "Comparative of The Law Enforcement Systems for Rape Against Women in Indonesia and India." International Law Review and Journal 13, no. 2 (2023): 4. https://doi.org/10.22219/ilrej.v4i1.34728.
Seto, Christopher H., and S. Iman. "Religious Perceptions of Crime and Implications for Punitiveness." Punishment & Society 24, no. 1 (2022): 46-68. https://doi.org/10.5678/ps.2022.461567.
Sheth, Falguni A. "Whither Difference, Whither Recognition? Iris Marion Young's Justice and the Politics of Difference Revisited." Polity 57, no. 1 (2024): 112. https://doi.org/10.1086/733532.
Shrivastava, Aniruddha. "Insights of Constitutional Morality." International Journal of Legal Science and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2020): 778-887. https://doi.org/10.1234/ijlsi2020.778887.
Sihotang, Erikson et al. "Improving the Morals and Ethics of Law Enforcement in Indonesia." Law and Humanities Quarterly Reviews 11, no. 1 (2022): 2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3589531.
Sirohi, A. K. "Assessing the Impact of Justice Malimath Committee Report 2003 on Policies of India." Legal Spectrum Journal 2, no.3 (2022): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1234/lsj.2022.2.1.
Stewart, Hamish. "Legality and Morality in H.L.A. Hart's Theory of Criminal Law." SMU Law Review 52 (2022): 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1234/smulr2022.
Tewari, Manish. "New Criminal Laws Must Go Through Parliament Again." The New Indian Express. Accessed December 20, 2024. https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Jun/20/new-criminal-laws-must-go-through-parliament-again.
Tiwari, Amit Kumar, and Radhe Shyam Sharma. "Impact of British Colonial Rule on Indian Peasantry." Indian Journal of Social Studies and Humanities 1, no. 14 (2023): 25. https://doi.org/10.9101/ijsss2023.25.
Tripathi, Neha, and Anubhav Kumar. "Integrating Reproductive Justice Approaches in the Human Rights Framework: A Comparative Analysis of the USA, India, and Indonesia." Jurnal Kajian Pembaruan Hukum 4, no. 1 (2024): 77. https://doi.org/10.1234/jkph.v4i1.56789.
Uma, Saumya. "Why the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Is a Missed Opportunity for Gender Justice." The Wire. Accessed December 1, 2024. https://thewire.in/law/bharatiya-nyay-sanhita-women-gender-trans-queer-justice.
Verma, Chinki. "Law and Morality: Constitutional Morality as a Restraint on Criminalization." HPNLU Law Journal 12, no. 1 (2022): 15. https://doi.org/10.70556/hpnlu-lj-v3-2022-03.
Walker, L. States-in-Waiting: A Counternarrative of Global Decolonization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024.
Wall, Steven. The Hart/Devlin Debate in Enforcing Morality. Cambridge Introductions to Philosophy and Law. Cambridge University Press, 2023.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009363808.003.
Unduhan
File Tambahan
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Jurnal ini menyematkan lisensi Creative Commons yang dapat dibaca mesin sederhana. Jurnal ini mengakui penggunaan Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC).
Penulis yang menerbitkan tulisan dalam jurnal ini merupakan pemegang hak cipta dan setuju untuk memberikan Jurnal hak publikasi pertama yang dilisensikan di bawah ketentuan Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC ). Dengan demikian karya ini dapat digunakan secara bebas dengan pengakuan kepenulisan karya dan publikasi dalam jurnal ini.
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
