Dispersi Kekuasaan sebagai Penghalang Otokratisasi: Paradoks Demokrasi Indonesia yang Terkompromikan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2025.V25.249-266Kata Kunci:
autocratization, constitutional democracy, democratic backsliding, elite competition, power dispersalAbstrak
Artikel ini mengkaji keberlangsungan sistem demokrasi Indonesia sebagai negara hukum, di mana kedaulatan rakyat beroperasi dalam batasan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Meskipun berbagai kecenderungan terkini, seperti perluasan kewenangan eksekutif, penyempitan elektoral, konsolidasi media, dan penindasan perbedaan pendapat, telah melemahkan kualitas demokrasi, perkembangan ini terjadi dalam kerangka konstitusional Indonesia yang khas, yang memadukan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi dengan supremasi konstitusional berbasis Pancasila, alih-alih doktrin-doktrin liberal-konstitusional.
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif-komparatif, studi ini menggunakan sumber-sumber primer seperti dokumen kebijakan pemerintah dan materi sekunder, termasuk jurnal dan buku akademis, yang mencakup perkembangan dari tahun 1999 hingga 2024. Analisis ini menyoroti dua faktor utama yang membatasi otokratisasi: pendefinisian ulang distribusi kekuasaan melalui mekanisme checks and balances dan desentralisasi setelah reformasi konstitusi pasca-1998, dan persaingan elit yang berkelanjutan yang mencegah monopoli. Elit Indonesia, sementara melemahkan lembaga-lembaga demokrasi untuk melindungi hak istimewa mereka, tetap berkomitmen pada demokrasi terbatas sebagai kerangka kerja untuk mengatur persaingan elit. Desain konstitusional dengan batasan masa jabatan, pemisahan kekuasaan, dan desentralisasi menciptakan hambatan struktural terhadap dominasi eksekutif. Lebih lanjut, kepentingan pribadi elit dalam mempertahankan persaingan politik lebih besar daripada insentif untuk konsolidasi otokratis. Meskipun masyarakat sipil dan opini publik berkontribusi pada perlawanan terhadap kemunduran, perhitungan elit sangat menentukan. Dengan demikian, pengalaman Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa demokrasi yang digerakkan oleh elit dapat bertahan dari kemunduran demokrasi secara bertahap tanpa runtuh menjadi otoritarianisme, asalkan persaingan tetap terjamin secara kelembagaan dan kekuasaan tetap tersebar. Dinamika ini memastikan sistem demokrasi yang stabil namun berkompromi, yang lebih dibentuk oleh kepentingan elit pragmatis daripada komitmen demokrasi normatif.
Unduhan
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