Karakteristik Penggusuran di Indonesia: Pentingnya Intervensi HAM Sebelum, Sewaktu, dan Setelah Penggusuran
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2023.14.169-184Kata Kunci:
penggusuran, hak asasi manusia, kebijakan pembangunanAbstrak
Kebijakan pembangunan dan tata ruang terutama infrastruktur fisik tidak terlepas dari perubahan fungsi lahan. Apabila dihadapkan pada ruang kehidupan publik, maka kebijakan ini akan berpotensi terjadi penggusuran. Meskipun dilatarbelakangi oleh alasan kepentingan publik"”seperti pembangunan infrastruktur, relokasi dan rekonstruksi pascabencana, normalisasi aliran sungai"”penggusuran di Indonesia sering disertai konflik, kekerasan, minim informasi, hingga proses ganti rugi yang tidak layak. Praktik penggusuran inilah yang berdekatan dengan dugaan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia (HAM). Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menelaah secara kritis aspek normatif dalam kebijakan dan praktik penggusuran di Indonesia dalam perspektif HAM. Artikel ini juga memunculkan gagasan intervensi HAM dalam aktivitas penggusuran agar tercipta kondisi ideal antara kebutuhan penataan ruang dan perlindungan HAM bagi masyarakat tergusur. Dengan menyandingkan kebijakan dan praktik penggusuran di Indonesia dengan instrumen-instrumen HAM terkait, studi ini menemukan bahwa intervensi HAM diperlukan dalam kebijakan dan praktik penggusuran. Sebagai pemangku kewajiban, negara memiliki kewajiban HAM dalam tiga termin waktu, yakni: sebelum, sewaktu, dan pascapenggusuran. Dalam setiap aspek temporalitas tersebut, pemerintah harus mempertimbangkan semua alternatif selain pelaksanaan penggusuran, memberikan informasi yang jelas termasuk prosedur penggusuran dan memastikan perlindungan terhadap masyarakat terdampak, serta memastikan upaya pemulihan terhadap masyarakat terdampak.
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