Considering the Prospects of Human Rights Individual Communications Procedures: Legal Politics and Potential Implications for Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2024.15.169-186Keywords:
individual communications procedures, international human rights law, human rights legal policyAbstract
The individual communications procedure is a vital mechanism in international human rights law that enables victims to seek remedies when domestic legal venues have been exhausted or failed to deliver justice. Although Indonesia has acceded to almost all core international human rights treaties, its individual communications procedures have yet to be accepted. This study investigates the Indonesian Government's human rights legal policy toward individual communications procedures acceptance through the ratification/accession of the ICCPR First Optional Protocol and ICESCR Optional Protocol, as well as analyzes the potential implications of such acceptance. This study utilizes a normative legal methodology coupled with interdisciplinary and conceptual approaches. In addition to analyzing legal materials, interviews were conducted with scholars, NGO activist, victim, and former Commissioner of Indonesia's National Human Rights Commission to deepen the analysis. The findings reveal the Government's lack of political will to accept individual communications procedures due to a tendency to avoid adjudicatory human rights accountability mechanisms and the avoidance of possible compliance costs, such as financial, reputational, and political burdens. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that these procedures' acceptance has potential implications for opening access to justice for victims, providing strategic litigation channels, and facilitating interaction between treaty bodies and the national judiciary regarding the development of interpretations of human rights through judicial dialogue. The Government should consider ratifying/acceding the ICCPR and ICESCR Optional Protocols to strengthen the domestic human rights protection infrastructure and enhance its reputation as a promoter of human rights.
Downloads
References
th Meeting, 140th Session, Human Rights Committee (CCPR), 2024. https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1g/k1gpw3zesa.
Alston, Philip, dan Ryan Goodman, ed. International Human Rights: The Successor to International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics and Morals - Text and Materials. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2013.
Agussalim, Dafri. "From the Accused to a Promoter: Indonesia's Human Rights Diplomacy in the Post-Suharto Era," Jurnal Global & Strategis 16, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 175-192. https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.16.1.2022.175-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.16.1.2022.175-192
Aqsa, Alghiffari. "Litigasi Strategis (Strategic Litigation)." Paper Presented at LBH's Jakarta Training (Karya Latihan Bantuan Hukum), 12 April 2019.
Ashri, Muhammad. Hukum Perjanjian Internasional: Dari Pembentukan Hingga Akhir Berlakunya. Makassar: Arus Timur, 2012.
Aswidah, Roichatul. Wawancara Eks-Komisioner Komnas HAM RI (2012-2017). On Site (Jakarta), 6 Februari 2024.
Azhar, Haris. Wawancara Akademisi IV (Sekolah Tinggi Hukum Indonesia Jentera dan Praktisi). On Site (Yogyakarta), 23 Januari 2024.
Besson, Samantha. "Human Rights and Constitutional Law." Dalam Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights, disunting oleh Rowan Cruft, S. Matthew Liao, dan Massimo Renzo, 279-99. Oxford University Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688623.003.0016
Bui, Hien. "The ASEAN Human Rights System: A Critical Analysis." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 11, no. 1 (Juli 2016): 111-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2016.9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2016.9
Çalı, Başak. "UN Treaty Body Views: A Distinct Pathway to UN Human Rights Treaty Impact?" Dalam A Life Interrupted: Essays in Honour of the Lives and Legacies of Christof Heyns, disunting oleh F. Viljoen, Charles Fombad, Dire Tladi, Ann Skeleton, dan Magnus Killander, 443-59. South Africa: Pretoria University Law Press, 2022.
Callejon, Claire, Kamelia Kemileva, dan Felix Kirchmeier. "Treaty Bodies' Individual Communication Procedures: Providing Redress and Reparation to Victims of Human Rights Violations." The Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, 2019. https://www.geneva-academy.ch/research/publications/detail/478-treaty-bodies-individual-communication-procedures-providing-redress-and-reparation-to-victims-of-human-rights-violations.
Charlesworth, Hillary. "Australia's Accession to the First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights." Melbourne University Law Review 18, no. 2 (1991): 428-34.
Commission on Human Rights, United Nations. "Status of the International Covenants on Human Rights: Draft Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights-Report of the Secretary-General," 16 Januari 1998. E/CN.4/1998/84.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, United Nations. "Concluding Observations on the Initial Report of Indonesia," 2014. E/C.12/IDN/CO/1.
"”"”"”. "Concluding Observations on the Second Periodic Report of Indonesia," 14 Maret 2024. E/C.12/IDN/CO/2.
"”"”"”. I.D.G. v. Spain (Communication No. 002/2014) (CtteeESCR 2015).
"”"”"”. Marcia Cecilia Trujillo Calero v. Ecuador (Communication No. 010/2015) (CtteeESCR 2015).
"”"”"”. "Summary Record of the 7th Meeting," 1 Mei 2014. E/C.12/2014/SR.7.
Crawford, James. Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law. 9 ed. Oxford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198737445.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198737445.001.0001
Crouch, M. "The Indonesian Blasphemy Case: Affirming the Legality of the Blasphemy Law." Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 1, no. 2 (1 Oktober 2012): 514-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rws025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rws025
Dancy, Geoff, dan Kathryn Sikkink. "Ratification and Human Rights Prosecutions: Toward a Transnational Theory of Treaty Compliance." New York University of International Law and Politics 44, no. 3 (2012): 751-90.
Davies, Mathew. "An Agreement to Disagree: The ASEAN Human Rights Declaration and the Absence of Regional Identity in Southeast Asia." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 33, no. 3 (Desember 2014): 107-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341403300305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341403300305
"”"”"”. "States of Compliance?: Global Human Rights Treaties and ASEAN Member States." Journal of Human Rights 13, no. 4 (2 Oktober 2014): 414-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2014.886949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2014.886949
Djafar, Wahyudi. Wawancara ELSAM. On Site (Jakarta), 6 Februari 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25157/ag.v6i2.14191
Duffy, Helen. Strategic Human Rights Litigation: Understanding and Maximising Impact. 1 ed. Hart Publishing, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509922000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509922000
El Muhtaj, Majda. "Perjalanan RANHAM di Indonesia: Tantangan, Evaluasi, dan Peluang Perubahan." Dalam Kebijakan Nasional sebagai Prasyarat Efikasi dan Efektivitas Hak Asasi Manusia Pada Ranah Nasional: Kompilasi Ekspresi Akademia Menyigi dan Meneroka RANHAM, disunting oleh Danmadiyah Shevierra, 55-94. Jakarta Selatan: ELSAM, 2022.
Elver, Hilal. "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food: Visit to Indonesia." UN OHCHR, 2018.
Evju, Stein. "Should Norway Ratify the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR?-That is the Question." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Menneskerettigheter 27, no. 1 (2009): 82-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1891-814X-2009-01-06
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. "A Prospect and Challenges for Adopting Constitutional Complaint and Constitutional Question in the Indonesian Constitutional Court." Constitutional Review 2, no. 1 (27 Agustus 2016): 103. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev215
Fraser, Julie. "Menghidupkan Hukum: Operasionalisasi Yudisial Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional di Ranah Domestik." Dalam Metodologi Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia: Nalar, Praktik dan Tantangannya dalam Sistem Peradilan Indonesia, disunting oleh Aksel Tømte dan Eko Riyadi, 65-102. Depok: Rajawali Press, 2023.
General Assembly, United Nations. Resolution No. 60/147 - Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (2005).
"”"”"”. Resolution No. 217 A(III) - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
Guzman, Andrew T. "A Compliance-Based Theory of International Law." California Law Review 9, no. 6 (2002): 1823-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3481436
Hakim, M. Aunul, dan Sheila Kusuma Wardani Amnesti. "Problematika Penanganan Gugatan Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum oleh Pemerintah (onrechtmatige overheidsdaad) pada Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara." De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar'iah 14, no. 1 (29 Juni 2022): 125-39. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v14i1.15833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v14i1.15833
Helfer, Laurence R., dan Anne-Marie Slaughter. "Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication." The Yale Law Journal 107, no. 2 (1997): 273-391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/797259
Hennebel, Ludovic. "The Human Rights Committee." Dalam The United Nations and Human Rights, disunting oleh Frédéric Mégret dan Philip Alston, 2 ed., 339-92. Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198298373.003.0011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198298373.003.0011
Heyns, Christof, dan F. Viljoen. "The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level." Human Rights Quarterly 23, no. 3 (2001): 483-535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2001.0036
Hillebrecht, Courtney. Domestic Politics and International Human Rights Tribunals: The Problem of Compliance. 1 ed. Cambridge University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139628747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139628747
Huikuri, Salla. "Empty Promises: Indonesia's Non-Ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." The Pacific Review 30, no. 1 (2 Januari 2017): 74-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1145725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1145725
Human Rights Committee, United Nations. Almeida de Quinteros v. Uruguay (Communication No. 107/1981) (HRCttee 1983).
"”"”"”. Chisala Mukunto v. Zambia (Communication No. 768/1997) (HRCttee 1999).
"”"”"”. "Concluding Observations on the Initial Report of Indonesia," 2013. CCPR/C/IDN/CO/1.
"”"”"”. "Concluding Observations on the Second Periodic Report of Indonesia," 28 Maret 2024. CCPR/C/IDN/CO/2.
"”"”"”. Corinna Horvath v. Australia (Communication No. 1885/2009) (HRCttee 2014).
"”"”"”. General Comment No. 33: Obligations of States Parties under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR/C/GC/33 § (2009).
"”"”"”. L.N.P. v. Argentina (Communication No. 1610/2007) (HRCttee 2011).
"”"”"”. Sabita Basnet v. Nepal (Communication No. 2164/2012) (HRCttee 2016).
Human Rights Council, United Nations. "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Indonesia [3rd Cycle]," 14 Juli 2017. A/HRC/36/7.
"”"”"”. "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Indonesia-Addendum [2nd Cycle]," 5 September 2012. A/HRC/21/7/Add.1.
"”"”"”. "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Indonesia-Addendum [4th Cycle]," 17 Maret 2023. A/HRC/52/8/Add.1.
Indonesia, Republik. Keputusan Presiden Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Indonesia Tahun 2004-2009 (2004).
"”"”"”. Keputusan Presiden Nomor 61 Tahun 2003 Tentang Perubahan Atas Keputusan Presiden Nomor 129 Tahun 1998 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia Indonesia (2003).
"”"”"”. Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 Tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Tindakan Pemerintahan dan Kewenangan Mengadili Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum oleh Badan dan/atau Pejabat Pemerintahan (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad)., Berita Negara Tahun 2019 Nomor 940 § (2019).
"”"”"”. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 23 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Indonesia Tahun 2011-2014 (2011).
"”"”"”. Putusan Nomor 140/PUU-IV/2009 (Mahkamah Konstitusi 2010).
Jetschke, Anja. "Linking the Unlinkable? International Norms and Nationalism in Indonesia and The Philippines." Dalam The Power of Human Rights, disunting oleh Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, dan Kathryn Sikkink, 1 ed., 134-71. Cambridge University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598777.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598777.006
Juniar, Mutiah Wenda. Wawancara Akademisi V (Fakultas Hukum Universitas Hasanuddin). On Site (Makassar), 19 Februari 2024.
Kälin, Walter, dan Jörg Künzli. The Law of International Human Rights Protection. 2 ed. Oxford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198825685.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198825685.001.0001
Kanetake, Machiko. "MarÃa de Los Ãngeles González Carreño v. Ministry of Justice." American Journal of International Law 113, no. 3 (Juli 2019): 586-92. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.31
Kurnia, Titon Slamet. "Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai Human Rights Court." Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 1 (20 Mei 2016): 149. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1118
Kusumawati, Erna Dyah. "Justiciability of Economic and Social Rights in Indonesia: The Importance of Ratifying the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)." Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 2 (2014): 346-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v1n2.a8
"”"”"”. Wawancara Akademisi III (Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sebelas Maret). Virtual (Zoom), 20 Februari 2024.
Lawrence M. Friedman. Sistem Hukum: Perspektif Ilmu Sosial. Diterjemahkan oleh M. Khozim. Bandung: Penerbit Nusa Media, 2011.
Lorion, Sebastien. "The Global Diffusion of National Human Rights Actions Plans at Vienna 30: A Chasing Game Between International Guidance and State Practice." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4495208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4495208
Muhammadin, Fajri Matahati. Hukum Internasional. Sleman, Yogyakarta: CV Buku Belaka Maju Jaya, 2023.
Munif Ashri, Abdul. "Contested Actors around the Initiation of a Non-Judicial Settlement Mechanism for Past Gross Human Rights Violations: A Socio-Legal Study of the PPHAM Team." The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies 3, no. 1 (September 2023). https://doi.org/10.54828/ijsls.2023v3n1.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54828/ijsls.2023v3n1.1
"”"”"”. "Ratifikasi Indonesia terhadap Konvensi Anti-Penghilangan Paksa (ICPPED): Catatan tentang Keselarasan Norma dan Prospek Pembaruan Hukum." Undang: Jurnal Hukum 6, no. 1 (2023): 66-112. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.6.1.65-112.
Mutua, Makau W. "Looking Past the Human Rights Committee: An Argument for De-Marginalizing Enforcement." Buffalo Human Rights Law Review 4 (1998): 211-60.
Nye, Joseph S. "Soft Power." Foreign Policy, no. 80 (1990): 153. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580
OHCHR, United Nations. The Core International Human Rights Treaties. New York-Geneva: United Nations, 2014.
Palguna, I Dewa Gede. Pengaduan Konstitusional (Constitutional Complaint): Upaya Hukum terhadap Pelanggaran Hak-Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2013.
Pons Rafols, Xavier. "Spain in the United Nations: Sixtieth Anniversary." Spanish Yearbook of International Law 19 (2015): 101-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17103/sybil.19.06
Pratiwi, Cekli Setya. "Bridging the Gap Between Cultural Relativism and Universality of Human Rights: Indonesia Attitudes." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 5, no. 2 (1 November 2020): 449-78. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i2.39271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i2.39271
"”"”"”. Wawancara Akademisi I (Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang). Virtual (Zoom), 8 Maret 2024.
Principi, Kate Fox. "Implementation of UN Treaty Body Decisions: A Brief Insight for Practitioners." Journal of Human Rights Practice 12, no. 1 (1 Februari 2020): 185-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa013
Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp, dan Kathryn Sikkink, ed. The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance. 1 ed. Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139237161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139237161
Risse, Thomas, dan Kathryn Sikkink. "The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction." Dalam The Power of Human Rights, disunting oleh Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, dan Kathryn Sikkink, 1 ed., 1-38. Cambridge University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598777.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598777.002
Riyadi, Eko. "Institusionalisasi Norma dan Standar Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia." Dalam Metodologi Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia: Nalar, Praktik dan Tantangannya dalam Sistem Peradilan Indonesia, disunting oleh Aksel Tømte dan Eko Riyadi, 149-211. Depok: Rajawali Press, 2023.
"”"”"”. Wawancara Akademisi II (Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia). Virtual (Zoom), 29 Januari 2024.
Rodley, Sir Nigel. "The International Court of Justice and Human Rights Treaty Bodies." Dalam Adjudicating International Human Rights, disunting oleh James A. Green dan Christopher P.M. Waters, 12-33. Brill | Nijhoff, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261181_003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261181_003
Sandholtz, Wayne. "Human Rights Courts and Global Constitutionalism: Coordination through Judicial Dialogue." Global Constitutionalism 10, no. 3 (November 2021): 439-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381720000064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381720000064
Saputra, Dimas B. Arya. Wawancara KontraS. On Site (Jakarta), 3 Februari 2024.
Saraswati, Ayu Nanda Anak Agung. "The Discourse of Reservations to CEDAW on Women's Rights in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of International Law 19, no. 4 (2022): 515-38. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol19.4.1.
Schmitz, Hans Peter, dan Kathryn Sikkink. "HAM Internasional." disunting oleh Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, dan Beth A. Simmons, diterjemahkan oleh Imam Baehaqie, 1073-1114. Bandung: Penerbit Nusa Media, 2013.
Security Council, United Nations. Resolution No. 1264 - The Situation in East Timor, S/RES/1264 § (1999).
Seibert-Fohr, Anja, dan Christine Weniger. "Compliance Monitoring under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights." Dalam Research Handbook on Compliance in International Human Rights Law, disunting oleh Rainer Grote, Mariela Morales Antoniazzi, dan Davide Paris. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788971126.00031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788971126.00031
Setiawan, Ken. "The Human Rights Courts: Embedding Impunity." Dalam The Politics of Court Reform, disunting oleh Melissa Crouch, 1 ed., 287-310. Cambridge University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108636131.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108636131.013
Shelton, Dinah. Remedies in International Human Rights Law. Third Edition. Oxford, United KIngdom: Oxford University Press, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199588824.001.0001
Shikhelman, Vera. "Access to Justice in the United Nations Human Rights Committee." Michigan Journal of International Law 39, no. 3 (2018): 453-531.
"”"”"”. "Implementing Decisions of International Human Rights Institutions - Evidence from the United Nations Human Rights Committee." European Journal of International Law 30, no. 3 (11 Desember 2019): 753-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chz047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chz047
Sikkink, Kathryn. "From Pariah State to Global Protagonist: Argentina and the Struggle for International Human Rights." Latin American Politics and Society 50, no. 1 (2008): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00002.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00002.x
Simma, Bruno. "The International Court of Justice." Dalam The United Nations and Human Rights, disunting oleh Frédéric Mégret dan Philip Alston, 2 ed., 151-78. Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198298373.003.0005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198298373.003.0005
Smith, Rhona, dan Sean Molloy. "Navigating Human Rights in a "˜Post-Human Rights' Era: Mapping the Terrain through the Lens of asean States." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 21, no. 2 (9 Desember 2020): 139-94. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718158-21020001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718158-21020001
Swannie, Bill. "Individual Communications: Can They Provide Effective Redress for Human Rights Violations?" Alternative Law Journal 48, no. 4 (Desember 2023): 258-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X231199504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X231199504
Syafi'ie, M. "Instrumentasi Hukum Ham, Pembentukan Lembaga Perlindungan Ham di Indonesia dan Peran mahkamah Konstitusi." Jurnal Konstitusi 9, no. 4 (20 Mei 2016): 681. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk945. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk945
Thoolen, Hans, ed. Indonesia and the Rule of Law: Twenty Years of "˜New Order' Government. London: International Commission of Jurists-Frances Pinter (Publishers) Limited, 1987.
Tomuschat, Christian. Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism. 3 ed. Oxford University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199683734.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199683734.001.0001
Treaty Collection, United Nations. "Chapter IV-Human Rights: 8.b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, New York, 6 October 1999." Diakses 20 Januari 2024. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&clang=_en.
Treaty Series, United Nations. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Vol. 999 [171] § (1966).
"”"”"”. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, A/63/435 § (2008).
Triyana, Heribertus Jaka. "The Role of the Indonesian Constitutional Court for An Effective Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Adjudication." Constitutional Review 1, no. 1 (28 Maret 2016): 72. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev114
Tuzmukhamedov, Bakhtiyar. "The Russian Constitutional Court in International Legal Dialogues." Dalam Judges as Guardians of Constitutionalism and Human Rights, disunting oleh Martin Scheinin, Helle Krunke, dan Marina Aksenova. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785365867.00019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785365867.00019
Ulfstein, Geir. "Individual Complaints." Dalam UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies, disunting oleh Helen Keller dan Geir Ulfstein, 1 ed., 73-115. Cambridge University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139047593.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139047593.004
Untung, Kristian E. Bedjo. Wawancara Korban (Yayasan Penelitian Korban dan Pembunuhan 1965-1966). On Site (Tangerang), 5 Februari 2024.
Uprimny, Rodrigo, Sergio Ruano, dan Gabriella Michele GarcÃa. "The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level in Colombia." Dalam The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level: Twenty Years On, disunting oleh Christof Heyns, Frans Jacobus Viljoen, dan Rachel Murray, 227-87. Brill | Nijhoff, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004377653_006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004377653_006
Viljoen, F., dan N. Orago. "An Argument for South Africa's Accession to the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the Light of Its Importance and Implications." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 17, no. 6 (14 November 2014): 2555-99. https://doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v17i6.09. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v17i6.09
Von Staden, Andreas, dan Andreas J. Ullmann. "Seeking Overlap and Redundancy in Human Rights Protection: Reputation, Consistency and the Acceptance of the UN Human Rights Treaties' Individual Communications Procedures." The International Journal of Human Rights 26, no. 8 (14 September 2022): 1476-1502. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2022.2036134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2022.2036134
Wahyuningroem, Sri Lestari. "Faktor Transisi Politik dalam Keadilan Transisi di Indonesia." Jurnal Prisma 38, no. 2 (2019): 1-19.
Yakushiji, Kimio. "Developments in the Acceptance and Implementation of Obligations Defined in Core UN Human Rights Conventions by East Asian and Southeast Asian Countries." Japanese Yearbook of International Law 60 (2017): 261-313.
"”"”"”. "Protection of Human Rights in East and Southeast Asian Countries After World War II: A Short Comment on the Keynote Speech of Vice-President Judge Nußberger." Dalam Europe and Asia as a Legal Area for Fundamental Rights, disunting oleh Masahisa Deguchi dan Kimio Yakushiji, 17-43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7542-4_2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7542-4_2
Yessi, Olivia. "The Politics of Human Rights in Indonesia: The Failure to Adopt the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC)." Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Flinders University, College of Business, Government and Law, 2019.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdul Munif Ashri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The copyright of each article is retained by the author(s). Authors agree to grant the first publication rights to Jurnal HAM. The Journal embeds a simple machine-readable Creative Commons license under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC). Thus, papers in this Journal can be used freely for non-commercial purposes with the acknowledgment of authorship and publication in this journal.
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
