Legitimasi Pencabutan Kewarganegaraan dalam Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional: Studi Kasus di Nikaragua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2025.16.111-134Kata Kunci:
hak atas kewarganegaraan, kebebasan berekspresi, hukum hak asasi manusia internasional, pencabutan kewarganegaraan, tanpa kewarganegaraanAbstrak
Hak atas kewarganegaraan merupakan prasyarat fundamental untuk dapat mengakses hak asasi manusia lainnya, namun pencabutannya secara sewenang-wenang tetap menjadi isu krusial dalam hukum internasional. Penelitian ini mengkaji Undang-Undang Nikaragua No. 1055 dan 1145, yang memberikan kewenangan untuk mencabut kewarganegaraan berdasarkan definisi "pengkhianatan" yang diperluas dan ambigu, mencakup tindakan politik damai seperti mendukung sanksi internasional. Kasus ini menunjukkan bagaimana kewarganegaraan, yang kerap digambarkan sebagai "hak untuk memiliki hak," dipolitisasi sebagai senjata, serta memperlihatkan bagaimana penyalahgunaan hukum kewarganegaraan mengancam integritas perlindungan hak asasi manusia internasional terhadap keadaan tanpa kewarganegaraan. Secara khusus, penelitian ini menelaah apakah definisi tersebut dapat membenarkan pencabutan kewarganegaraan berdasarkan standar Konvensi 1961 tentang Pengurangan Keadaan Tanpa Kewarganegaraan, serta apakah tindakan tersebut melanggar hak atas kebebasan berekspresi sebagaimana dilindungi oleh Pasal 19 Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik (ICCPR). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif, penelitian ini menganalisis instrumen hukum internasional bersama dengan hukum domestik Nikaragua serta memanfaatkan data sekunder dari organisasi seperti UNHCR. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik Nikaragua tidak memenuhi kriteria legalitas, kebutuhan, dan proporsionalitas dalam hukum hak asasi manusia internasional, melainkan merupakan bentuk represi politik. Tindakan ini tidak hanya merusak tujuan Konvensi 1961, tetapi juga menjadi contoh bagaimana hukum kewarganegaraan dapat disalahgunakan untuk membungkam perbedaan pendapat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menegaskan perlunya penguatan perlindungan internasional terhadap pencabutan kewarganegaraan secara sewenang-wenang.
Unduhan
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